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Research Topic Mesothelial Physiology and Pathophysiology. Overview Articles Authors Impact. About this Research Topic The mesothelium is composed by a single layer of mesothelial cells that vest the serosal cavities pleural, peritoneal and pericardial and internal organs of the body. It was once thought that the only purpose of the mesothelium was to provide a slippery, non-sticky surface in order to protect the organs of the chest and abdominal cavity during movement and breathing.
We are now learning that, similar to the tonsils and appendix, the mesothelium has other important functions as well, and functions as a dynamic membrane rather than simply being a border that allows smooth movement. These include:.
There are a number of diseases that can affect the mesothelioma, or affect other organs of the body when the mesothelioma is damaged.
Mesothelioma: Mesothelioma is a type of cancer that begins in the cells of the mesothelium. These cancers may occur anywhere that mesothelium is present, such as the lining of the lungs pleural mesothelioma , the lining of the abdomen peritoneal mesothelioma , or pelvis. This cancer is most common in people who have been exposed to asbestos and continues to increase in incidence worldwide. Symptoms of mesothelioma may include a cough, difficulty swallowing, abdominal pain and bloating, and other symptoms depending upon the location of the tumor.
A surgical procedure called pleurodesis removal of the pleura is sometimes performed to remove the tumor, though the prognosis is usually poor by the time this cancer is diagnosed. Adhesions: Adhesions bands of scar tissue are a common complication of abdominal surgery, and, due to obstructions caused by adhesions, are a common reason why abdominal surgery is needed.
Scar tissue involving the mesothelium in the abdominal cavity may create bands of tissue, which in turn can trap the bowel and cause obstruction. You can picture this as taking a piece of gum that has been chewed, stretching it around in the abdominal cavity, and then having it harden. Symptoms of adhesions often include abdominal pain that can be severe , cramping, nausea and vomiting, and bloating. When adhesions are mild not causing a complete obstruction people may suffer from chronic intermittent episodes of abdominal pain, especially after eating large meals.
There is research in progress looking at ways to reduce the development of adhesions after surgery. Mesothelium also surrounds the male and female reproductive organs, and adhesions in these regions are an important cause of infertility. Fibrosis: Fibrosis is a word used to describe scar tissue that often forms after an episode of inflammation.
Researchers are currently investigating the role which the pleural mesothelium may play in fibrosis, particularly conditions such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pleural Effusions: Pleural effusions are a build-up of fluid in the cavity between the two layers of the pleura the pleural mesothelium , and is influenced by substances secreted by pleural mesothelial cells. There are many possible causes of pleural effusions. When cancer cells are present in the fluid between the pleura, it is referred to as a malignant pleural effusion.
Pericardial Effusions: Pericardial effusions are similar to pleural effusions, but rather are a build-up of fluid between the two layers of tissue lining the heart.
There are a number of causes, including some infections, chest surgery, and cancers such as lung cancer. When a pericardial effusion develops slowly, it may cause few symptoms and only be detected on imaging studies.
If the effusion is large or develops rapidly, in contrast, it can result in a life-threatening condition known as cardiac tamponade, as the fluid in this area can severely restrict the motion of the heart. The mesothelium is an important structure lining the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, and serves not only to lubricate movements of organs in these regions, but has important functions in fluid transport, blood clotting, and in resistance to infections and the spread of cancers. While the mesothelium can aid in controlling tumors, it is also particularly sensitive to asbestos, which can lead to mesothelioma in people who are exposed.
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Batra, H. Diseases of the serosal surfaces, such as peritonitis or peritoneal carcinomatosis, are often life-threatening. Further research is needed to better understand the various functions of MCs in order to develop effective therapies for these diseases. I thank Prof. Marc A. Reymond for his critical reading of the manuscript and helpful suggestions. Author contributions : The author has accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
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Front Pharmacol ; Visceral and subcutaneous fat have different origins and evidence supports a mesothelial source. Nat Cell Biol ;— Epicardium-to-fat transition in injured heart.
Cell Res ;—9. The mesothelial keratins: a new family of cytoskeletal proteins identified in cultured mesothelial cells and nonkeratinizing epithelia. Cell ;— Phenotypic comparison between mesothelial and microvascular endothelial cell lineages using conventional endothelial cell markers, cytoskeletal protein markers and in vitro assays of angiogenic potential.
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Lymphat Res Biol ;— Smad3-dependent and -independent pathways are involved in peritoneal membrane injury. Kidney Int ;— Mesothelial cells: a cellular surrogate for tissue engineering of corneal endothelium.
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Mesenchymal origin of hepatic stellate cells, submesothelial cells, and perivascular mesenchymal cells during mouse liver development. Hepatology ;— Effects of human adipose-derived stem cells on the regeneration of damaged visceral pleural mesothelial cells: a morphological study in a rabbit model.
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Evidence of a role for mesothelial cell-derived interleukin 8 in the pathogenesis of asbestos-induced pleurisy in rabbits. J Clin Invest ;— Interleukin-8 production by human peritoneal mesothelial cells in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, and medium conditioned by macrophages cocultured with Staphylococcus epidermidis.
J Infect Dis ;— Leukocyte migration across human peritoneal mesothelial cells is dependent on directed chemokine secretion and ICAM-1 expression. Transforming growth factor beta induces vascular endothelial growth factor elaboration from pleural mesothelial cells in vivo and in vitro. Vascular endothelial growth factor production and regulation in human peritoneal mesothelial cells.
Kidney Int ;—8. Pleural mesothelial cells mediate inflammatory and profibrotic responses in talc-induced pleurodesis.
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Regulation of transforming growth factor-beta secretion by human peritoneal mesothelial and ovarian carcinoma cells. Cytokine ;— Transforming growth factor beta isoforms production by human peritoneal mesothelial cells after exposure to hypoxia.
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