He occupied Hecatompylos southeast of the Caspian Sea , the capital of the Parthian king Arsaces III, and forced him to enter into an alliance in and the following year defeated Euthydemus of Bactria, though he allowed him to continue to rule and retain his royal title.
In he marched across the Hindu Kush into the Kabul Valley and renewed a friendship with the Indian king Sophagasenos. Returning westward via the Iranian provinces of Arachosia, Drangiana, and Carmania, he arrived in Persis in and received tribute of talents of silver from the citizens of Gerrha, a mercantile state on the east coast of the Persian Gulf. Having established a magnificent system of vassal states in the East, Antiochus now adopted the ancient Achaemenid title of "great king," and the Greeks, comparing him to Alexander the Great, surnamed him also "the Great.
After the death of Ptolemy IV, Antiochus concluded a secret treaty with Philip V, ruler of the Hellenistic kingdom of Macedonia, in which the two plotted the division of the Ptolemaic empire outside Egypt. Antiochus invaded Coele Syria, defeated the Ptolemaic general Scopas at Panion near the source of the Jordan River in the year , gained control of Palestine, and granted special rights to the Jewish temple state.
But Philip, marching along the Dardanelles, became involved in a war with Rhodes and Pergamum, both of whom appealed to Rome for help against Macedonia, informing Rome of the alliance between the two Hellenistic kings. Rome intervened decisively in the system of Hellenistic states.
Philip was defeated by the Romans in the Second Macedonian War , and Antiochus refused to help him. Instead, taking advantage of the Romans' involvement with Philip, Antiochus marched against Egypt. Though the Romans had sent ambassadors to Ptolemy V, they could not lend him any serious assistance. He also gave his daughter Cleopatra in marriage to Ptolemy V. Egypt practically became a Seleucid protectorate. In his insatiable expansionist drive, Antiochus occupied parts of the kingdom of Pergamum in and in Greek cities in Asia Minor.
In B. A war of harassment and diplomacy with Rome ensued. No prohibition of the use of horses, asses, etc. The Mishnah, B. Schechter, xxxv. Even more unintelligible is the third of these decrees, touching "two thousand Jewish families" brought by Antiochus from Mesopotamia and Babylonia to Phrygia and Lydia for the pacification of those districts.
The settlement of Jews there by Antiochus may well be historical, but that passage of the edict is surely fictitious in which he says: "I am convinced that they, the Jews, will be well-disposed guardians of our interests, because of their piety toward God, and I know that they have received an example of fidelity and willing obedience from their ancestors. By: Louis Ginzberg. Table of Contents.
Hellenismus, ii. Images of pages. V:1 P Between and he campaigned in Armenia, regained Parthia and Bactria as vassal kingdoms, and led expeditions into the Kabul Valley in India and across the Persian Gulf into Arabia. About Antiochus made his year-old son Antiochus coruler, as he feared his own death in these campaigns. Antiochus and Philip V of Macedon then decided to divide the Ptolemaic empire. Fearing the growing strength of Antiochus, Rome dispatched its envoy in to protect Egypt and halt Antiochus, but he disregarded the weak ultimatum.
In Antiochus again campaigned in Asia Minor to gain Ptolemaic territories. With Philip's defeat in Greece showing his weakness and with the Ptolemaic empire in distress, Antiochus began to dream of reuniting Alexander's empire. Rome, however, now proclaimed itself champion of Greece's liberty, and Rhodes sought to block Antiochus. After campaigning in Europe, rumors of intrigue regarding Egypt brought Antiochus back to Antioch in , where he met and welcomed the defeated Hannibal.
When Antiochus's son died suddenly in , rumors of assassination flourished, the anti-Roman faction gained strength, and in war erupted in Greece. Antiochus landed in Greece and surprised the Roman occupation forces. Macedon deserted him and joined Rome, and many of the Greek states vacillated in their loyalties.
Roman countercampaigns in forced Antiochus to seek refuge in Chalkis and later in southern Thessaly, where he was defeated.
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